One hundred people have a hundred different understandings of "power"

Everyone has a "power" look in their hearts. My mom thought that the power source is the light bulb at home. My dad thought that the power supply was the battery board on the phone. The power source in Emerson's friends may be the AC/DC converter.

The word "power" is a bit general. On a business trip, I can't find a 220V AC outlet. You might say that there is no "power supply" in this hotel. In this context, "power" refers to the "AC input power" that can be used at the input of a power supply. On a business trip, you find that your laptop does not have a "power adapter", you will also get used to, with a computer, but without "power."

If someone asks what your occupation is, you say that you are doing power, and the other person may feel that your career is very general, not high-tech. But the power supply is high-tech in your heart, because you are doing a high-end power supply, no one can make it at the high end, and the person who asks you, the "power supply" in his mind is only 220V AC on the wall. . You two are not on a channel.

The power supply seems too ordinary because it seems to be everywhere. In general terms, as long as the equipment and facilities that can provide electrical energy are power sources. In a narrow sense, the power source in the mind of the person who is doing the power supply is only the switching power supply. I want to talk about switching power supplies.

I did not search for the official definition of switching power supplies. In my understanding, the switching power supply is to realize the conversion of electric energy through the opening and closing of the switching tube. The transformation of electrical energy includes:

1, AC / DC. Converting AC to DC, usually converting 220V, two-phase AC or 380V, three-phase AC from the grid to DC. The AC input of the low-power AC/DC is 220V, and the high-power AC input is 380V. According to the application industry and occasions, it is also called AC/DC converter, rectifier, primary power supply, communication power supply, power adapter, lighting power supply, etc.

2, DC / DC. Convert DC to DC, for example, convert high voltage and small current into low voltage and large current. Depending on the application industry and occasion, it may be called DC/DC converter, secondary power supply, module power supply, on-board power supply, etc.

3, DC / AC. Converting DC to AC, depending on the application industry and occasion, may be called UPS, inverter, grid-connected inverter, motor controller, etc.

4, AC / AC. Transform AC into AC. The usual product form is the inverter for motor control.

The above four kinds of electric energy conversion are subdivided into many industries!

In the AC/DC, DC/DC two-direction industry market, the industry calls it “switching power supply”. The specific industry has a relatively high-end primary power supply (also called communication power supply, but the meaning of communication power supply seems to be wider. ), generally refers to the 48V power supply for the telecommunications room, secondary power supply, custom power supply, power supply, computer power supply, notebook computer and other electrical equipment power adapter, mobile phone charger power supply, charging pile power supply, car charger (OBC, on-board charger), on-board DC/DC converter, lighting power supply (also can be divided into LED power supply, electronic ballast, HID power supply), and so on. And corresponding to the DC/AC, AC/AC industry market, people generally say that it is to do UPS, do photovoltaic (by photovoltaic panel DC to AC), do energy storage, do inverter, do motor control Of the device.

It is conceivable that there is a big commercial market behind the above four types of electric energy conversion!

12 Layer Touch Activated Switch Circuits

What is a flexible PCB board?

Flexible Printed Circuit (FPC), also known as flexible circuit board, flexible circuit board, is favored for its light weight, thin thickness, free bending and folding and other excellent characteristics..., but the domestic quality inspection of FPC is still Mainly rely on manual visual inspection, high cost and low efficiency. With the rapid development of the electronics industry, the design of circuit boards is becoming more and more high-precision and high-density. Traditional manual inspection methods can no longer meet the production needs. Automatic FPC defect detection has become an inevitable trend in the development of the industry. Flexible circuit (FPC) is The technology developed by the United States for the development of space rocket technology in the 1970s is a highly reliable, highly flexible printed circuit made of polyester film or polyimide. The bendable thin plastic sheet is embedded with a circuit design, so that a large number of precision components are stacked in a narrow and limited space to form a bendable flexible circuit. This kind of circuit can be bent at will, folded, light weight, small size, good heat dissipation, easy installation, and breaks through the traditional interconnection technology. In the structure of flexible circuits, the materials are insulating films, conductors and adhesives.

Rigid Flex Pcb
Composing material
1. Insulating film
Flexible circuit board
Flexible circuit board
The insulating film forms the base layer of the circuit, and the adhesive bonds the copper foil to the insulating layer. In a multi-layer design, it is then bonded to the inner layer. They are also used as a protective cover to insulate the circuit from dust and moisture and to reduce stress during flexing. The copper foil forms a conductive layer.
In some flexible circuits, rigid members made of aluminum or stainless steel are used, which can provide dimensional stability, physical support for the placement of components and wires, and stress relief. The adhesive bonds the rigid component and the flexible circuit together. Another material is sometimes used in flexible circuits. It is an adhesive layer, which is formed by coating adhesive on both sides of an insulating film. The adhesive layer provides environmental protection and electrical insulation functions, and can eliminate a layer of film, and has the ability to bond multiple layers with a small number of layers.
There are many types of insulating film materials, but the most commonly used are polyimide and polyester materials. Nearly 80% of all flexible circuit manufacturers in the United States use polyimide film materials, and about 20% use polyester film materials. Polyimide material is non-flammable, geometrically stable, has high tear strength, and has the ability to withstand welding temperature. Polyester, also known as polyethylene terephthalate (Polyethyleneterephthalate for short: PET) ), its physical properties are similar to polyimide, it has a lower dielectric constant and absorbs little moisture, but it is not resistant to high temperatures. Polyesters have a melting point of 250°C and a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 80°C, which limits their use in applications that require a large amount of end welding. In low temperature applications, they exhibit rigidity. Nevertheless, they are suitable for use in products such as phones and other products that do not need to be exposed to harsh environments. Polyimide insulating films are usually combined with polyimide or acrylic adhesives, and polyester insulating materials are generally combined with polyester adhesives. The advantages of combining with materials with the same characteristics, after dry welding, or after multiple lamination cycles, can have dimensional stability. Other important characteristics in adhesives are low dielectric constant, high insulation resistance, high glass transition temperature and low moisture absorption.
2. Conductor
Copper foil is suitable for use in flexible circuits. It can be electrodeposited (Electrodeposited for short: ED) or plated. One side of the electrodeposited copper foil has a glossy surface, while the processed surface on the other side is dull and dull. It is a flexible material that can be made into many thicknesses and widths. The matte side of ED copper foil is often specially treated to improve its bonding ability. In addition to flexibility, forged copper foil also has the characteristics of rigidity and smoothness. It is suitable for applications that require dynamic deflection.
3. Adhesive
In addition to bonding the insulating film to the conductive material, the adhesive can also be used as a covering layer, as a protective coating, and as a covering coating. The main difference between the two lies in the application method used. The cover layer is bonded to the cover insulating film to form a circuit with a laminated structure. Screen printing technology used for covering and coating of adhesive. Not all laminate structures contain adhesives, and laminates without adhesives form thinner circuits and greater flexibility. Compared with the laminated structure based on adhesive, it has better thermal conductivity. Due to the thin structure characteristics of the adhesive-free flexible circuit and the elimination of the thermal resistance of the adhesive, thereby improving the thermal conductivity, it can be used in the working environment where the flexible circuit based on the adhesive laminated structure cannot be used. .
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Prenatal treatment
In the production process, in order to prevent excessive opening and short circuits from causing too low yield or reducing rough process problems such as drilling, rolling, cutting, etc., FPC board scrap and replenishment problems, and evaluate how to select materials to achieve customer use For the best effect of flexible circuit boards, pre-production pretreatment is particularly important.
Pre-natal pretreatment, there are three aspects that need to be dealt with, and all three aspects are completed by engineers. The first is the FPC board engineering evaluation, which is mainly to evaluate whether the customer's FPC board can be produced, whether the company's production capacity can meet the customer's board-making requirements and unit cost; if the engineering evaluation is passed, the next step is to prepare materials immediately to meet each production link Finally, the engineer processes the customer`s CAD structure drawing, gerber line data and other engineering documents to suit the production environment and production specifications of the production equipment, and then delegates the production drawings and MI (Engineering Process Card) to the The production department, document control, purchasing and other departments enter the regular production process.
Production Process
Double panel system
Cutting → Drilling → PTH → Electroplating → Pre-treatment → Dry Film Pasting → Alignment → Exposure → Development → Graphic Plating → Stripping → Pretreatment → Dry Film Pasting → Alignment Exposure → Development → Etching → Stripping → Surface Treatment → Paste the cover film → Pressing → Curing → Immersion of nickel gold → Printing characters → Shearing → Electrical test → Punching → Final inspection → Packaging → Shipment
Single panel system
Cutting → Drilling → Pasting Dry Film → Aligning → Exposure → Developing → Etching → Stripping → Surface Treatment → Covering Film → Pressing → Curing → Surface Treatment → Immersion Nickel Gold → Printing Characters → Cutting → Electrical Measurement → Punching Cutting → final inspection → packaging → shipment
Characteristics
1. Short: short assembly hours
All lines are configured, eliminating the need to connect extra cables
2. Small: smaller than PCB
Can effectively reduce the product volume and increase the convenience of carrying
3. Light: lighter than PCB (hard board)
Can reduce the weight of the final product
4. Thin: thickness is thinner than PCB
Can improve flexibility. Strengthen the assembly of three-dimensional space in a limited space
basic structure
Flexible circuit board
Flexible circuit board
Copper Film
Copper foil: basically divided into electrolytic copper and rolled copper. The common thickness is 1oz 1/2oz and 1/3 oz
Substrate film: There are two common thicknesses: 1mil and 1/2mil.
Glue (adhesive): The thickness is determined according to customer requirements.
Cover Film
Cover film protection film: for surface insulation. Common thicknesses are 1mil and 1/2mil.
Glue (adhesive): The thickness is determined according to customer requirements.
Release paper: avoid the adhesive sticking to foreign matter before pressing; easy to work.
Stiffener Film (PI Stiffener Film)
Reinforcement board: Reinforce the mechanical strength of FPC, which is convenient for surface mounting operations. The common thickness is 3mil to 9mil.
Glue (adhesive): The thickness is determined according to customer requirements.
Release paper: avoid the adhesive sticking to foreign matter before pressing.
EMI: Electromagnetic shielding film to protect the circuit inside the circuit board from outside interference (strong electromagnetic area or susceptible to interference area).
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Pros and cons:
The advantages of multi-layer circuit boards: high assembly density, small size, light weight, because of high-density assembly, the connection between components (including parts) is reduced, thereby increasing reliability; it can increase the wiring layer, and then increase the design flexibility; It can also form the impedance of the circuit, can form a certain high-speed transmission circuit, can set the circuit, electromagnetic shielding layer, and can also install a metal core layer to meet the functions and requirements of special thermal insulation, etc.; easy installation and high reliability.
Disadvantages of multi-layer pcb boards (unqualified): high cost, long cycle; high reliability inspection methods are required. Multilayer printed circuit is the product of electronic technology, multi-function, high speed, small volume and large capacity. With the development of electronic technology, especially the wide application of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, the rapid, high-precision, high-number change directions of the multilayer printed circuit with higher density appear fine lines.
Prospects

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