The purpose of an electrical schematic is to make it easier to read and analyze the control circuit. It should be drawn using electrical components in a way that emphasizes simplicity and clear hierarchy. The schematic includes all conductive parts and terminals of the electrical components, but it does not reflect their actual physical placement or size.
To distinguish between the main circuit and the control circuit, the main circuit (such as motors, appliances, and connecting wires) is represented with thick lines, while the control circuit (including switches, relays, and wiring) is shown with thin lines. Typically, the main circuit is placed on the left (or top), and the control circuit is positioned on the right (or bottom).
Power, control, and signal circuits should be drawn separately. The power circuit is usually depicted with horizontal lines, and powered equipment like motors, along with protective elements, are shown vertically within the power circuit. Control and signal circuits are drawn vertically between two horizontal power lines. Energy-consuming components, such as coils, electromagnets, and indicator lights, are directly connected to ground or under the horizontal power line, while control contacts are placed between the upper horizontal line and the energy-consuming component.
In the schematic, each device is not drawn according to its actual layout. Instead, the components of the same device are separated and shown where they belong in the circuit. To identify different types of electrical devices, specific graphical symbols are used. Each device has a text symbol, and all components of the same device (like a contactor’s coil and contacts) share the same symbol. Identical devices are labeled with numerical serial numbers for clarity.
Since devices perform different actions in various operational stages, only one state is shown in the schematic. Contacts are always illustrated in their normal position—when the coil is de-energized or the machine is not operating. For example, a contactor’s contacts are open when the coil is not energized, and a push button is in its default, unpressed position.
To aid in tracing connections, junctions of two or more wires are marked with a dot, and each contact is numbered. Single-numbered contacts are placed near the left power line, and double-numbered ones are near the right. The coil or resistor of a device often separates single and double numbering, so these components should be placed on either side of the circuit for better organization.
For devices with circular motion, a work cycle diagram should be included. Universal transfer switches and limit switches should show their action sequence and positions. Additionally, the schematic must include essential data such as voltage values, polarity, frequency, and phase number for each power supply. Specific characteristics of components, like resistance or capacitance values, should be noted. Instructions for non-standard devices, such as sensors, manual switches, solenoids, or timers, should also be clearly indicated.
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