The purpose of an electrical schematic is to make it easier to read and analyze the control circuit. It should be drawn using electrical components in a way that emphasizes simplicity and clarity in structure. The schematic includes all conductive parts and terminals of the electrical components, but it does not show the actual physical placement or size of the components. Instead, it focuses on the logical relationships between elements.
To distinguish the main circuit from the control circuit, the main circuit—such as motors, appliances, and connecting lines—is typically represented with thick lines, while the control circuit—like switches, relays, and wiring—is shown with thin lines. Conventionally, the main circuit is placed on the left (or top) of the diagram, and the control circuit is positioned on the right (or bottom).
Power circuits, control circuits, and signal circuits should each be drawn separately. The power circuit is usually shown as horizontal lines, with powered equipment like motors and protective devices connected vertically. Control and signal circuits are generally drawn between two horizontal power lines. Energy-consuming components, such as coils, electromagnets, and indicator lights, are directly connected to the ground or under the power line, while control contacts are placed between the upper power line and the energy-consuming component.
In the schematic, each device is not drawn according to its real-world layout. Instead, the components of the same device are represented in separate locations, showing their functional connections. To identify different types of electrical devices, specific graphical symbols are used, along with text labels. Each component of the same device shares the same label, and similar devices are numbered for easy reference.
Since devices perform different actions at different stages, only one state is shown in the schematic. Therefore, all contacts are depicted in their normal position—the position when the coil is not energized or the machine is not operating. For example, contactors and relays are shown in their de-energized state, and buttons are shown as unpressed.
To aid in tracing the circuit, junctions where multiple wires meet are marked with dots, and each contact is labeled with a number. Single-numbered labels are placed near the left power line, while double-numbered labels are near the right power line. The boundary between single and double numbers is usually defined by the coil or resistor of the device, which should be placed on one side of the line as much as possible.
For mechanisms that involve circular motion, a work cycle diagram should be included. Universal switches and limit switches must show their action sequence and positions. Additionally, the schematic should include important data and instructions, such as:
1. The voltage, polarity, frequency, and phase count for each power supply.
2. Specifications for certain components, like resistor values or capacitor ratings.
3. Instructions on how non-standard devices operate, such as sensors, manual switches, solenoids, pneumatic valves, or timers.
These details help ensure that the schematic is clear, accurate, and useful for both design and maintenance purposes.
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