Many people can still recall their first experience using a mobile phone to access a newsletter or download a web page. Back then, it felt like a major technological leap. Today, smartphones can download high-resolution movies in just seconds, with transfer speeds that surpass even the fastest laptops of the past. However, the goal of future wireless networks isn't just about speed—it's about transforming how we connect and interact with the world around us.
In the next decade, the number of connected devices is expected to grow tenfold compared to the number of users. This shift means that future wireless standards must evolve to support not only human-to-human communication but also human-to-machine and machine-to-machine interactions. The network must be capable of handling vast numbers of devices, from smart home appliances to industrial sensors, all at once.
To achieve this, new wireless technologies must be supported by advanced instruments and cost-effective solutions. Future devices will need to perform wireless testing in innovative ways, which is where companies like National Instruments (NI) come into play. NI has been continuously enhancing its PXI platform to meet the challenges of next-generation wireless testing, ensuring that engineers can keep up with the rapid pace of innovation.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has outlined a vision for the future of wireless technology through its IMT-2020 initiative. This framework identifies three key use cases that will shape the development of 5G and beyond. These use cases provide a clear roadmap for the evolution of wireless standards and highlight the diverse needs of emerging technologies such as 802.11ad, 802.11ax, Bluetooth 5.0, and NFC.
The first use case, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), focuses on delivering significantly higher data rates and improved network capacity. By utilizing larger bandwidths, advanced modulation techniques, and MIMO/beamforming, eMBB enables peak data rates of up to 10 Gbps—100 times faster than single-carrier LTE. This advancement will revolutionize how we stream, download, and interact with digital content.
The second use case, Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), aims to connect a vast number of low-cost devices across various locations. From traffic lights and vehicles to entire highways in smart cities, mMTC will enable seamless connectivity for IoT applications. This use case is driving the development of new technologies like M2M communications and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), making it possible to connect billions of devices efficiently.
The third use case, Ultra-Reliable Machine-Type Communication (uMTC), emphasizes ultra-low latency and extremely low packet error rates. This is critical for applications such as remote surgery, where a stable wireless connection can mean the difference between life and death. It also plays a vital role in safety-critical systems, such as autonomous vehicles and industrial automation, where reliability is non-negotiable.
As wireless technology continues to advance, it’s not only shaping the future of communication but also redefining how engineers design and test mobile devices. For instance, 5G and future standards require high-bandwidth RF instruments, multi-antenna technologies like MIMO and beamforming, and cost-effective testing methods. With radios accounting for 20% of the total solution cost, the next generation of test equipment must offer faster, more flexible, and parallel testing capabilities to meet growing demands.
In 2012, National Instruments introduced the PXI Vector Signal Transceiver (VST), a groundbreaking instrument that combined a 6GHz RF signal generator and analyzer in a single module, along with a user-programmable FPGA. This device offered exceptional RF performance and flexibility, making it ideal for R&D and manufacturing testing. Its programmable FPGA allowed for custom applications such as measurement acceleration and channel simulation.
As wireless technology evolved, so did the need for more advanced testing solutions. In response, NI launched the second-generation VST, offering greater bandwidth, expanded frequency range, and a more compact form factor. This improvement allows engineers to tackle complex application challenges that traditional instruments could not handle.
Over the past decade, wireless standards have moved toward wider bandwidth channels and higher peak data rates. Wi-Fi, for example, has progressed from 20MHz in 2003 to 160MHz in today’s 802.11ax standard. Similarly, mobile channels have expanded from 200kHz in GSM to 100MHz in LTE-Advanced, with future technologies like LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G set to push these limits further.
When testing semiconductor devices, the instrument’s bandwidth often needs to exceed the signal bandwidth itself. Take digital predistortion (DPD) as an example: when testing an RF power amplifier, the test equipment must capture the PA model, correct for nonlinear behavior, and generate the proper waveform. Advanced DPD algorithms typically require 3 to 5 times the RF signal bandwidth, meaning that for a 100MHz LTE-Advanced signal, an instrument with 500MHz bandwidth may be necessary. For 802.11ac/ax signals (160MHz), the required instrument bandwidth can reach 800MHz.
The most significant improvement in the second-generation VST is its increased instantaneous bandwidth, reaching up to 1 GHz. This enhanced capability allows engineers to address previously unsolvable challenges, pushing the boundaries of what is possible in wireless testing and development.
Ethernet cables connect devices such as PCs, routers, and switches within a local area network.Most technicians refer to these standards as CAT5 and CAT6, respectively. Also CAT3 available. Because of this, many online stores that sell network cables use this abbreviated language as well.
The connector can by shield or non-shield type, raw cable can be UTP, STP, FTP type. Also the molded shape can be custom mould by straight, right-angle, 105 degree, etc.
These physical cables are limited by length and durability. If a network cable is too long or of poor quality, it won't carry a good network signal. These limits are one reason there are different types of Ethernet cables that are optimized to perform certain tasks in specific situations.
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