Medical sensors, as the name suggests, are specialized devices used in the biomedical field to detect and measure physiological information from the human body. These sensors typically convert biological signals into electrical outputs, which can then be analyzed or interpreted by medical professionals. In essence, a medical sensor is a device that transforms physiological data into an electrical signal with a defined functional relationship.
Human physiological information can be broadly categorized into two types: electrical and non-electrical. From a distribution perspective, these signals can originate from internal sources such as blood pressure, body surface areas like electrocardiograms (ECGs), or even in vitro measurements such as infrared, biomagnetic, or other external bio-signals.
[Image: What is a medical sensor? The design principle and use of medical sensors]
**Design Principles of Medical Sensors**
As a crucial component of modern healthcare technology, medical sensors must account for various factors related to human physiology. They need to consider the unique nature of biosignals, ensuring biocompatibility, reliability, and safety for the user.
1. The sensor must have excellent technical performance, including high sensitivity, good linearity, minimal hysteresis, strong repeatability, a wide frequency response range, a high signal-to-noise ratio, and low temperature, zero, and sensitivity drifts.
2. Its shape and structure should match the anatomical features of the area being measured, minimizing damage to the tissue during use.
3. The sensor should have minimal impact on the measured object, not disturbing normal physiological functions or adding unnecessary burden.
4. It must be durable enough to stay in place without falling off or breaking when inserted into the body.
5. There should be sufficient electrical insulation between the sensor and the human body to ensure user safety.
6. The sensor should be chemically compatible with the body’s internal environment, resisting corrosion and avoiding harmful effects on tissues.
7. If the sensor is placed inside the bloodstream or implanted long-term, it should not cause clot formation or adverse reactions.
8. It should be easy to operate, maintain, and disinfect, making it practical for everyday clinical use.
**Applications of Medical Sensors**
**Detection** – Medical sensors are used to identify whether physiological parameters are within normal or abnormal ranges. For example, before surgery for congenital heart disease, a blood pressure sensor may be used to measure intracardiac pressure and assess the severity of the condition.
[Image: What is a medical sensor? The design principle and use of medical sensors]
**Monitoring** – These sensors continuously track specific physiological indicators to provide early warnings of potential issues. In intensive care units (ICUs), patients are monitored for vital signs such as temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiration, and ECGs, allowing for timely interventions.
[Image: What is a medical sensor? The design principle and use of medical sensors]
**Control** – Some medical sensors are used to regulate physiological processes based on real-time data. For instance, during mechanical ventilation, a respirator can synchronize its movements with the patient’s breathing pattern using feedback from a respiratory sensor.
[Image: What is a medical sensor? The design principle and use of medical sensors]
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