GPRS, which stands for General Packet Radio Service, is a technology that bridges the gap between 2G and 3G networks, often referred to as 2.5G. It operates on the same frequency band, bandwidth, burst structure, wireless modulation standards, frequency hopping rules, and TDMA frame structure as GSM. This compatibility allows most components of the existing GSM system to be used without hardware modifications—only software upgrades are needed. As a result, GPRS significantly reduces call setup time, enabling a near "always-on" connection. Additionally, GPRS billing is based on the amount of data transmitted rather than connection duration, making it more cost-effective for users.
One of the key features of GPRS is its use of packet-switched technology instead of the traditional circuit-switched method used in GSM. This means users can avoid disconnection issues when accessing the internet. Unlike WAP, which requires dial-up and prevents simultaneous voice and data usage, GPRS allows users to browse the web and make calls at the same time. While voice communication still relies on GSM, data transmission uses GPRS, offering a more efficient and economical solution. GPRS is widely used for email, web browsing, and other mobile data services, providing users with constant connectivity and cost savings.
The main advantage of GPRS is its higher data transmission speed compared to WAP. Initially, GPRS offered speeds up to 56 Kbps, and today it can reach up to 115 Kbps—twice the speed of a standard 56K modem. Beyond speed, GPRS also provides an "always-on" connection, meaning users stay connected to the network at all times. When not actively transferring data, the device enters a low-power state, but the logical connection remains active. This eliminates the need for redialing when resuming internet access, improving user experience.
The basic working principle of GPRS involves two new network nodes: the GPRS Service Support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway Support Node (GGSN). The SGSN manages the tracking of mobile stations and handles security and access control, while the GGSN connects to external packet-switched networks like the Internet. Data from GPRS terminals is sent through the GSM base station, encapsulated by the SGSN, and then routed via the GPRS backbone to the GGSN, which forwards it to the destination network.
The protocol model of GPRS includes five layers on the Um interface: physical layer, MAC (Media Access Control), LLC (Logical Link Control), SNDC (Sub-network Dependent Convergence), and network layer. The physical layer deals with radio signals, while the MAC manages channel allocation. The LLC ensures reliable data transfer, and the SNDC handles data packetization and encryption. The network layer primarily uses TCP/IP or X.25 protocols, which are transparent to traditional GSM infrastructure.
GPRS supports a wide range of applications, including point-to-point connection-oriented services, point-to-multipoint broadcasting, and connectionless network services. It enables interactive data exchanges, group communications, and IP-based multicast. In addition to these, GPRS also supports supplementary services, short message services, and various telecommunications services, making it a versatile platform for mobile data communication.
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