Medical sensors play a crucial role in the advancement of medical instruments and experimental research. These devices are designed to detect various biological signals and convert them into manageable electrical signals, serving as the initial stage in any medical measurement system. They act as a bridge between medical equipment and the human body, making them an essential component in the diagnostic process. Without accurate and reliable data from medical sensors, the subsequent stages of analysis and interpretation would be unreliable. Moreover, these sensors provide critical information that shapes the design and functionality of diagnostic tools.
The development of medical sensors has been rapidly evolving, driven by advances in engineering and medical science. Sensor technology is moving in two main directions: one focusing on improving the sensor itself, and the other on integrating it with computer systems. Within the development of the sensor itself, there are two key areas: fundamental research aimed at discovering new materials and techniques, and the creation of new sensor products tailored for market demand. The former involves exploring advanced materials and ultra-fine processing methods, while the latter emphasizes the use of optical technologies, microelectronic packaging, and disposable chips.
Currently, researchers are particularly interested in using multifunctional ceramic materials, biofunctional substances, and micro-machining techniques to create ultra-small and highly sensitive sensors. Another growing trend is the development of chemical and biosensors, especially in biomedicine, where they support both basic research and clinical applications, as well as environmental monitoring.
Biofunctional substances, also known as molecular recognition agents, are gaining attention in the field of biomimetic sensors. Unlike traditional sensors, which only convert physical or chemical signals, biofunctional membranes can mimic the sensory functions of living organisms. These membranes, typically 6–10 micrometers thick, contain receptor cells embedded in a phospholipid bilayer. When exposed to external stimuli—such as light or chemicals—the membrane potential changes, triggering a signal to the nervous system. Scientists have developed artificial functional membranes, such as immune membranes and enzyme membranes, which respond to specific molecules through antigen-antibody interactions or selective absorption. These innovations have led to the development of biosensors used in measuring glucose, lactic acid, immunoglobulin G, alpha-fetoprotein, DNA, RNA, and neurotransmitters. Researchers are even working on multi-electrode arrays to replicate the five human senses, enhancing the capabilities of biosensors.
In practical research, medical sensors are being applied in several ways. For instance, real-time measurement of blood components, including ions and gases, is now possible. Ultra-small sensor arrays are being used in catheter probes to gather detailed cardiac function data from within the heart. Optical fibers and semiconductor micro-optical devices are also being explored to improve anthropometric techniques. Additionally, new biochemical methods are being developed to measure molecular-level changes, further expanding the scope of medical sensing technology.
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