Electronic and material related terms
1. Admittance Admittance refers to the difficulty of the current flowing in the conductor in the AC circuit, which is the reciprocal of "impedance Impedance".
2. Aluminium Nitride (AIN) Aluminum nitride is a fairly new type of ceramic material that can be used as a packaging material for high-power parts that require heat dissipation. The aluminum nitride has excellent thermal conductivity of up to 200m2/K, which is much higher than that of aluminum metal of 20m2/K, and its coefficient of thermal expansion (TCE) is also very close to 3.0 of the semiconductor die, which is a good package for IC. Materials, there is the possibility of replacing ceramic materials such as beryllium oxide (BeO) and alumina (Al2O3).
3. Analog Circuit/Analog Signal The analog circuit/analog signal is as shown on the left. When the knob of the potentiometer is gradually rotated, the input current is slowly changed to obtain an "analog signal". The so-called "analog" means that when the output signal is compared with the input signal, there are some similar or proportional changes, and the circuit system composed in this way is called "analog circuit" (such as a microphone). The signal transmitted is called "analog signal", which is mostly represented by a sine wave. Another example is an electronic calculator on the left, which is input in decimal format from 0 to 9. However, in the calculation, it is another binary system with 0 and 1 for data processing. The difference between the two carry digits is communicated by the encoder and the decoder, so that the output is returned to the decimal system. A circuit system composed in this way is called a "digital circuit". The signal transmitted is called "digital signal", which is represented by a square wave consisting of 0 of low level and 1 of high level. In the early days, the potential difference between 0 and 1 was 5V, but for power saving, the logic operation of the new personal computer has been stepped down to 3.3V. In the near future, when the accuracy of the hardware components is increased again, it will be stepped down to 2.5V, and the limit potential difference should be 1.5V.
4. AttenuaTIon signal attenuation refers to the attenuation of the amplitude voltage (energy) when the high-frequency signal is transmitted in the conductor. No matter the analog signal or the digital signal, the board and the board of the board will be different. Attenuation.
5, Balanced Transmission Lines Balanced transmission line refers to the signal line in the transmission line system, which is a combination of two parallel lines. This Balanced Circuit is also called DifferenTIal Pair or DifferentTIal Line, also known as Coupled Transmission Line. As for the transmission line composed of a single signal line, it is called "Unbalanced Transmission Lines". The amount of the characteristic impedance value of the double-type "differential line" must be used in the two sets of "Sampling Headers" of the TOR to generate two step waves (Step Wave) to enter the two signal lines. in. If the polarity of the two step waves is the same, the reading from the oscilloscope is called "even mode impedance" and must be divided by 2 to get the "common mode impedance" (Zcm). If the polarity of the two step waves is opposite, it is called "odd mode impedance". The read value is subtracted and divided by 2 to get the "differential impedance". The instrument's software will automatically calculate the required Zo value during field measurements.
6, CapaciTIve Coupling capacitive coupling plate between the two adjacent conductors, due to the accumulation of energy stored in the capacitor to cause each other additional electrical effects, and may even cause distortion of the original signal, known as "capacitive coupling." Especially in the high-frequency high-speed signal thin-line dense line board, this mutual interference behavior must be managed as much as possible to improve the overall performance of the terminal product, so the number of sheet medium is very particular, the lower the better.
7. Conductance Conduction is the reversal of "resistance value". The unit of resistance value is ohm ohm, and the unit of conductivity value is also the reverse "mou mho". When the resistance value of the upper limit is to be measured, it is not as good as "" The conductivity value "is convenient. For example, when you want to measure the cleanliness of the board, you can measure the "Mho" value of the conductive liquid. However, the average person knows the "ohmic" value of the resistor, so it is easier to identify it by converting the "resistance value".
8. Creep creep metal materials will have a little elongation strain under pressure or tension, but when the pressure has not been eliminated, it will gradually age and form metal fatigue. Once the limit of strain extensibility is exceeded, a fracture condition (Rupture) may occur, and this gradual change in size is called creep. This is the case with solder joints on the board.
9. Conductivity Conductivity refers to the ability of a substance to conduct current. The amount of current that can be passed per unit voltage is used as the data to be expressed. It is also in the unit of "mho".
10. Crystalline Melting Point The melting point of a crystal refers to the temperature at which the internal crystal structure of a substance disintegrates.
11. Doping Doping refers to the high-purity "silicon element" of a semiconductor. In order to change its conductive properties, a small amount of certain impurities are deliberately added to obtain the desired physical properties. This "doping" is called Doping.
12, Electro-migration electromigration in the glass bundle of the substrate material, when the board is under high temperature and high humidity and long applied voltage, between the metal conductor and the glass bundle bridging, the leakage failure phenomenon of insulation failure is called "electromigration" ", also known as CAF (Conductive Anodic Filaments) leakage.
13. Crosstalk noise, adjacent signal lines on the crosstalk circuit board, energy coupling occurs under working conditions, and undesired interference occurs, called Crosstalk.
14, Electro-phoresis electrophoresis, the original definition of electroosmosis means that after applying an electric field in the solution, it will cause the charged colloidal particles or ion clusters to swim. The newly developed "Electrical Light Resistance" in the circuit board industry is one of the "electrophoretic moving" methods.
15. EMI Electromagnetic interference is the abbreviation of Electromagnetic Interference, which originally refers to the electromagnetic interference received by radio receivers. It has been generally referred to as interference between adjacent lines on the board surface during high-frequency signal transmission. The approximate word still has Noise noise, RFI radio frequency interference, etc., but the environment is not the same.
16. Fatique strength When a material or product has not passed the test cycle after specifying the maximum stress for many times, the highest stress test period before the occurrence of "fault" is called "Fatique strength".
17. Filler Filler refers to a substance that is stable in nature and inexpensive, and can be added to some plastic materials for use as an electronic product to reduce costs or improve properties. For example, asbestos, mica, quartz, porcelain powder, etc. can be processed into filaments, flakes, powders, etc., which are called fillers.
18. Flexural Module flexural modulus, the flexural modulus is within the elastic limit (Elastic Limit), the object is subjected to stress (Stress), and the ratio of the resulting strain (Strain) is called "bending modulus". That is, resistance to external forces and resistance to bending.
19. Flurocarbon Resin Fluorocarbon Resin is a series of organic fluorine-containing thermoplastic polymers. The main products used in the electronics industry are FEP (Fluorinated Ethylene Polypylene) and PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene). ) and other plastic materials.
20, Farad Farah is the unit of capacitance, that is, between the two poles of the capacitor, when its power is charged to 1 Coulomb, and the potential difference between them is exactly 1 volt, the capacitance between the poles is 1 Farah.
21. Galvanic Corrosion is synonymous with "electrolytic corrosion". Giovanni was an Italian anatomist of the 18th century. He used copper and iron to hook the organism (electrolyte) and found a battery current phenomenon. In order to commemorate its discovery, later generations used this word to express the meaning of "battery" or "electrochemistry" in electrochemistry.
22, Inductance (L) Inductance inductance contains self-inductance (Self-Inductance) and mutual inductance (Mutual Inductance) and other two parts. (1) The so-called "self-inductance" is when a current flows in a guide body, and magnetic lines of force are generated around it. Whenever the current changes, the magnetic field lines change accordingly. At this time, a "back electromotive force" that prevents the magnetic field lines from changing occurs. This phenomenon is called "self-induction". It is now expressed as a simplified diagram and formula: ◠The change of the current in Δt is ΔI, and the generated magnetic flux change is Δφ, and the self-induced electromotive force e will be proportional to Δφ/Δt. ◠When the rate of the guide is constant, the change of the magnetic flux will be proportional to the current change, and the proportional constant is L, so: △I, e=-L, △T, where L is self-inductance, The unit is Henry br> ◠When the current changes in 1 second (A), if the induced electromotive force is 1 volt (V), then the self-inductance is 1 Henry (H). (2) The so-called mutual inductance () refers to the induction between the two coils in the transformer. As shown in the figure, when a current in the L1 coil passes, a magnetic flux φ is generated, which in turn causes the L2 coil to be induced to generate a current (the electromotive force is e). Since this newly generated e will form a ratio with Δφ/Δt, if the magnetic permeability is fixed, the change of the magnetic flux is proportional to the current intensity (the proportional constant is M), and thus the new electromotive force should be For: M is the mutual inductance. The unit is Henry H. When the current in the L1 coil changes to 1 amp/sec, the electromotive force induced in the L2 coil is 1 volt, and its M is 1 Henry.
23, Input / Output Input / output refers to "components" or "system", or central operating unit, etc., its import and export communication with the outside is called I / O. For example, an "integrated circuit device" (IC), the circuit system on the chip (Chip, the mainland industry translated as "chip") must be wired to the lead frame. After completing the sealing of the component body and forming the bent legs, it can become the finished product of the IC. When such an IC is to be soldered to a circuit board, its "pin" solder joint is the external I/O of the "integrated circuit device".
24. Interconnection interconnection refers to the term "electrical interconnection" between two components, two units, or two systems on the basis of MIL-STD-429C. Board assembly). In addition, the conductor between the two layers on the board is connected by a plated through hole, called Interfacial Connection or Interlayer Connection. This form of various interconnections will be available as an overall expression with Interconnecting. The mainland industry has translated it into "internal interconnection", which must be caused by the confusion between Inter and Inner.
25, Ion Migration ion migration within a material, or between two materials, under the influence of an electric field (Electric Field), some of the existing free ions (Free Ion), if a slow migration or migration The actor, called "ion migration."
26, Ionization Voltage (Corona Level) ionization voltage (corona level)
Original meaning refers to the lowest voltage applied to the slit air inside the cable, causing its ionization. In a broad sense, it can be cited as the case where the air between two insulated conductors is subjected to high voltage induction and ionized luminescence occurs. The minimum voltage that causes air ionization is called "ionization voltage". When the "corona" phenomenon is found, if you continue to increase its voltage, it will cause a short circuit due to Breakdown or Break Through. This is called "crush voltage".
27. Ionization In general, the word ionizes an atom or molecule that, after absorbing external energy and losing its peripheral electrons, will change from the original "electrically neutral" to an ion or charged body with a positive or negative charge. The process is called "ionization" or "ionization". In electronic engineering, it is narrowly defined that some insulators (Insulator) generate a small amount of charged particles under a long-term applied voltage, and there is leakage phenomenon, which is called ionization.
28. Kovar Kovar is an alloy consisting of 53% iron, 29% nickel, 17% cobalt and other small metals. Its "expansion coefficient" is very close to that of glass, and its oxide is more glass. A strong bond is formed between the two, so that glass can be used as a sealing material during packaging to complete the integrated function, and it is hoped that it will not be affected by thermal expansion and contraction in subsequent use. This Kovar special alloy was developed by Westinghouse Electronics Inc. and is now widely used in the semiconductor industry. In addition, the open circuit of the circuit board surface can also be used for the welding of the special spot welder with the flat thin and slender gold-plated cutting line. The right picture shows the welding machine of Hughes. .
29. Kevlar Polyamide fiber is the trade name of Duram's invention of "Aramid" (Polyarmid) fiber. The tensile strength of this polymer wire is extremely high, and its ductility is better than that of steel. . It can absorb a lot of kinetic energy, and it can withstand temperature and flame resistance (up to 220 ° C), so it can be used as bulletproof vests, reinforcing woven materials in tires, and strong ropes. Moreover, since the "medium constant" is lower than that of glass fiber, the circuit board industry has also been used to replace the glass fiber substrate, but it is difficult to cut due to drilling, and the hole wall is extremely large, and the quality is difficult. Control so that it is not used in large quantities. In addition, the polyamide cloth can also be used for filtration and dustproofing, and its trademark name is Nomex.
30, Light Emitting Diodes, LED light-emitting diode semiconductors have both positive (P-type) and negative (N-type). When a voltage is applied to the negative body, atoms deliberately added to the impurity can be ionized, and then free electrons flowing through the shuttle will occur, allowing the semiconductor to complete the conductive action. On the other hand, impurities in the positive semiconductor can supply "holes", which can attract negative electrons and fall into the holes. If the positive and negative types are joined together, the junction area will form a conductive barrier. Whenever electrons fall through the barrier into the hole, the extra energy can be emitted in the form of light or heat, which is the principle of LED illumination. The earliest LEDs were made up of arsenic and gallium and only emit red light, but now they can emit light of various colors. Since LEDs are smaller than sand, their luminous efficiency is about 50%, far exceeding the 20% of incandescent lamps, so the required power is extremely small, only 0.2 watts, and the luminescence lifetime is also decades. Although the brightness cannot be used for illumination, it is ideal for digital display. However, LEDs need to be illuminated in the dark, and LCDs are not only more power efficient, but are still clearly visible in clear-light environments. The commercialization of LED and LCD TVs is still under development. China's Lite-On Company is already the world's largest manufacturer of LEDs, and most of the labor is now moving to Thailand due to the man-made process.
31, Liquid Crystal Display, LCD liquid crystal display refers to a certain material at a certain temperature, will have both the anisotropic and liquid flow properties of the solid crystal, which is between the solid crystal and the liquid phase. The intermediate substance, especially known as the "Mesomorphic phase", is also known as the "liquid crystal". The discovery of liquid crystals has been around for more than 100 years, and it was not until 1968 that it was first applied to displays by RCA. Currently used in the electronics industry, there is a small area of ​​TN (Twist Nematic twisted nematic), such as watches, timers or small calculators; and a larger area of ​​STN (Super Twist Nematic), can be used on the palm Type or notebook computer display; larger TFT type (Thin Film Transitor) is still developing, and the yield is not enough for commercialization. At present, the global industry is dominated by Japan's Sharp and Toshiba. Once successful, large-screen thin color TV sets will be hanged on the wall and viewed as oil paintings, which will save space and power.
32. Leakage Current leakage current board surface is in the area of ​​adjacent lines (also refers to the presence or absence of green paint). If there is electrolyte or metal residue, and there is a potential difference between the two conductors, current leakage may occur. This is a sign of poor quality etching when the board is made.
33. Logic Circuit A general term for various "gate circuits", flip-flops, and other switching circuits used to perform calculations or problem solving functions in digital computers, called "Logic Circuit."
34. Logic logic refers to special circuits in computers or other digital electronic devices. These circuits contain multiple ICs and can perform various calculation functions called Logic or logic circuits. Common logic such as Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL), Transistor-Transitor Logic (TTL), CMOS Logic, etc. Also Fuzzy Logic means that in addition to 0 and 1, inserting other values ​​is an ambiguous logic. That is, the logic of adding "almost" "probably" between "yes" and "not".
35. Micro-electronios Microelectronics is a part of electronic technology that addresses and applies theoretical and practical aspects of very small electronic components or elements and their product systems.
36. Microstrip Line is a kind of high-speed signal transmission line. In the case of multi-layer board, it is a signal line including surface contact air, and a dielectric layer of the carrier, and then a ground layer. The combination of the structures made is called the (flat) "microstrip". If the green line is applied to the surface of the signal line or the film is pressed, it is called the Embeded Microstrip Line. Both formulas are: Zo=87/√(εr + 1.41 ln [ 5.98h/0.8W + T])
37. The Microstrip microstrip line is one of the six transmission lines. It refers to the "wire" floating on the Ground Plane. The two are kept parallel, and there is also a medium filling. combination. The cross-sectional view of such a "microstrip" and the calculation relationship of its "characteristic impedance" are as follows. The left picture shows the transmission line combination of another "Stripline line" with large strata above and below, and the relationship between its calculated characteristic impedance.
38. Network mesh components refer to various dynamic (active) or passive (passive) electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, or coils, which can be interconnected into a mesh assembly called Network.
39. The Node node refers to the intersection of the wires in the line system, which is an electrical noun. In the board, it is actually the intersection of the through hole and the hole ring.
40. Ohm Ohm is the unit of resistance. When there is 1 amp of current in the line and its voltage is exactly 1 volt, its resistance is 1 ohm.
41. Output Output, output In terms of a machine or a production line, the "logistics" of its products are divided into "input" and "output". In addition, for the signal of "output" of a certain part, the relative Input refers to the signal of "input", and the two are collectively referred to as I/O, so the pin or pin of various parts is also called "I/O Port" or "I/O".
42. Peak Voltage The peak voltage is the maximum voltage that occurs instantaneously in the circuit system.
43. Permittivity is the insulation material between the conductors. At high frequencies, it may not completely prevent the collusion of the signals. The degree of such leakage is called "Permittivity". However, there is another term, Dielectric Constant, which has exactly the same meaning as this term and is more widely distributed. When comparing the two, the meaning of Permittivity is more clear and easier to understand. The most commonly used sheet FR-4 has a "transmission rate" of about 4.5 at 1 MHz, while Teflon can be as low as 2.2. It is the best medium for various commercial sheets and is also suitable for high frequency. User.
44. Piezoelectric Piezoelectricity When certain substances are subjected to external mechanical stress, they generate electricity. This property is called "piezoelectricity". Most crystals, including common quartz, have piezoelectricity. Conversely, if current is passed through it, it will also produce millions of mechanical oscillations per second. Therefore, with its dual nature of "reversibility", it is possible to manufacture precision electronic products such as speakers, timers, and record player cartridges.
45, Porcelain porcelain, porcelain borosilicate glass (Borosilicate Glass) with a small amount of zirconium dioxide (Zirconia), and a small amount of other materials, called Porcelain. Sometimes called Enamel.
46. ​​Propagation propagation refers to various electromagnetic waves (Electromagnetic Waves), and the behavior of transmission within or along the surface of the medium is called "propagation".
47. Reactance reactance is the "reactance" of alternating resistance when alternating current flows in a line or in a part. It is represented by a capitalized X. There are two sources of this reactance: (1) the resistance from the capacitor is called "capacitive reactance" (XC); (2) from the coil or other inductor is called "inductive reactance" (XL).
48. The Shunt shunt is additionally added to the main conductor with current to disperse the original current, which is called shunting.
49. Siemens resistance The value of DC resistance has always been measured in terms of "ohm". However, in recent years, some people have advocated the use of this "Siemens" as the resistance value, with the uppercase S as its symbol.
50. Signal signal electronically refers to the obtained pulse (in the case of predetermined voltage, current, polarity, and pulse width (Pulse Width refers to the time interval from the start point to the end point of the pulse wave). Impulse) is called Signal. The commonly used "signal" refers to a "mark" that can be heard or expressed in other forms.
51. Strain deformation, strain refers to the deformation of an object caused by an external force. This "deformed" object will have a rebellious force to return to its original state of nature, known as "Stress."
52. Stress Relief stress-removing means that after the metal body is mechanically processed, heat treatment can be used to eliminate the internal stress contained in the deformed part, and the treatment process is called "relieving stress". In the electronics industry, it refers to the bending forming of the part foot. In order to avoid the stress concentration, the bending point is often intentionally enlarged into an arc to pre-cut the possible stress.
53. Skin Effect Skin effect In the high frequency case (ie, the high frequency of Japanese), the current transfer is concentrated on the surface of the wire, so that the current passing inside the wire is very small, causing waste of the internal conductor and also making the surface conductor part The resistance of the part is increased. In order to avoid this phenomenon, the wires for high-frequency use are often multi-stranded or multi-stranded to increase the surface conductor to eliminate the skin effect and reduce the heat generation caused by the increase in resistance.
54. Stripline line means that the single conductor line is separated from the ground by a dielectric layer; this "transport combination" consists of "single wire", "media layer" and "earth". ", can be used to transmit microwave signals, called Stripline or Microstrip.
55. Tensile Strength Tensile Strength refers to an important mechanical property of a metal material. A test rod or a test piece made of a metal to be tested can be mounted on a tensile machine for pulling. The maximum tensile force before breaking is called "tensile strength".
56, Surge spur, sudden pressure refers to a point in the circuit, its current or voltage presents a transient sudden increase or increase of the temporary phenomenon.
57. Transmission Line is a "circuit" composed of wires and media and used to carry signals. Its electrical power has been controlled to deliver high-frequency electronic signals or narrow high-speed pulses. Narrow Pulse Electrical Signal, etc., the line for this purpose is called the "transmission line." The most common transmission lines on the board are Microstripe and Stripline.
58. Voltage Drop Voltage drop refers to the voltage value lost by a system from the original contact of the input current after a length of conductor or the volume of the conductor, which is called Voltage Drop. The mainland term is "voltage drop."
59. Voltage Voltage refers broadly to the motive force that drives the flow of electrons. Like water pressure, it forces the flow of water to flow in the pipeline. Usually, Voltage is used as a pronoun in some similar terms, such as electromotive force, potential, potential difference, voltage drop, etc. in different occasions. It can also be explained from another point of view. For example, in a complete loop, if there is electron flow or current between two points, the difference in potential between the two points is Voltage.
60. Watt Watt is the unit of power. It refers to the Work Down done every second. The so-called "watt" means that the work done per second is 1 joule (Watt = Joule / sec). Watt is abbreviated as W. In terms of electrical work, where 1 amp of current is at one volt, the electrical work done is also called 1 watt; that is, Watt=Volt. Ampere.
61, Wiping Action sliding contact (conductive)
Refers to the electrical connection between the two conductors, which is done by sliding contact, called Wipping. A Ampere ; Ampere is the unit of current intensity. When the resistance between two points of the conductor is 1 ohm and the voltage is 1 Volt, the current intensity between them is 1 Ampere. AC Alternating Current ; AC ACL Advanced CMOS Logic ; Improved "Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor" Logic DC Direct Current ; DC DTL Diode Transistor Logic ; Diode Transistor Logic ECL Emitter-Coupled Logic ; Emitter-Coupled Logic by Many Transistors and Resistors A high-speed logic operation circuit formed by combining on a silicon chip. Electromagnetic Compatible; EMF Electro-Motive Force; Electrostatic Discharge ESD Electrostatic Discharge ; Electrostatic discharge Many electronic parts and electronic assembly machines often cause instantaneous discharge due to static electricity accumulation and may be damaged, so it is often necessary to ground (Grounding) The accumulated static electricity is gradually released to avoid the damage of ESD. RTL Resistor-Transistor Logic; resistor body/transistor logic TTL Transistor Transistor Logic; transistor transistor logic.
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