New energy vehicle types and their technical status
New energy vehicles refer to the use of unconventional vehicle fuels as a source of power (or the use of conventional vehicle fuels, but the use of new vehicle power units), integrated vehicle power control and drive advanced technology, the formation of advanced technology, A car with new technology and new structure. New energy vehicles include: hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), pure electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell vehicles (FCEV), hydrogen engine vehicles, and gas vehicles, alcohol ether vehicles, and so on.
1 hybrid car
Hybrids are those that use conventional fuels with electric motors/engines to improve low-speed power output and fuel consumption. Depending on the type of fuel, it can be divided into two types: gasoline hybrid and diesel hybrid. At present, the mainstream of hybrid vehicles in the domestic market is gasoline hybrid, and the development of diesel hybrid vehicles in the international market is also very fast.
The advantages of the hybrid vehicle are as follows: 1. After the hybrid power is used, the maximum power of the internal combustion engine can be determined according to the average power required, and the utility model is operated under the optimal working conditions of low fuel consumption and low pollution. When the power of the high-powered internal combustion engine is insufficient, it is supplemented by the battery; when the load is low, the surplus power can generate electricity to charge the battery. Since the internal combustion engine can work continuously, the battery can be continuously charged, so the stroke is the same as that of the ordinary automobile. 2. Because of the battery, it is very convenient to recover the energy during braking, downhill, and idling. 3. In the prosperous urban area, the internal combustion engine can be shut down and driven by the battery to achieve "zero" emissions. 4. With the internal combustion engine, it is very convenient to solve the problems encountered by pure electric vehicles such as air conditioners, heating and defrosting. 5, you can use the existing gas station to refuel, no need to invest. 6, can keep the battery in a good working condition, no overcharge, over discharge, extend its service life and reduce costs.
Disadvantages: Long-distance high-speed driving is basically not fuel-efficient.
2 pure electric car
Electric vehicles, as the name suggests, are mainly electric-powered vehicles. Most of the vehicles are driven by electric motors. Some vehicles have electric motors in the engine compartment. Some of them directly use the wheels as the rotors of four electric motors. The difficulty lies in power storage technology. It does not emit harmful gases that pollute the atmosphere. Even if it is converted into power plant emissions according to the electricity consumption, other pollutants are also significantly reduced except for sulfur and particulates. Because most of the power plants are built away from densely populated cities, human damage is more serious. Less, and the power plant is stationary, centralized discharge, easy to remove all kinds of harmful emissions, and related technologies. Since electricity can be obtained from a variety of primary energy sources, such as coal, nuclear power, hydropower, wind power, light, heat, etc., people are worried about the depletion of oil resources. Electric vehicles can also make full use of the surplus power charging in the evening power grid, so that power generation equipment can be fully utilized day and night, greatly improving its economic benefits. Relevant research shows that the same crude oil is crude and sent to the power plant for power generation. After being charged into the battery and then driven by the battery, the energy utilization efficiency is higher than that after being refined into gasoline and then driven by the gasoline engine, thus saving energy. And to reduce the displacement of carbon dioxide, it is these advantages that make the research and application of electric vehicles a "hot spot" in the automotive industry. Some experts believe that the biggest obstacle for electric vehicles is that infrastructure construction and price have affected the process of industrialization. Compared with hybrid power, electric vehicles need infrastructure support, which is not a solution that a company can solve. It is necessary for all enterprises to join hands with local government departments to build, and there will be opportunities for large-scale promotion.
Advantages: The technology is relatively simple and mature, and can be charged as long as there is power supply.
Disadvantages: At present, the energy stored in the unit weight of the battery is too small. Because the battery of the electric vehicle is expensive and does not form an economic scale, the purchase price is relatively expensive. As for the use cost, some trial results are more expensive than the automobile, and some results are only for the automobile. 1/3, which depends mainly on the battery life and local oil and electricity prices.
3 fuel cell vehicle
A fuel cell vehicle is a car that uses a hydrogen, methanol, or the like as a fuel to generate electric current by a chemical reaction and is driven by a motor. The energy of the battery is chemically converted by hydrogen and oxygen, rather than being burned and directly converted into electrical energy. The chemical reaction process of fuel cells does not produce harmful products. Therefore, fuel cell vehicles are pollution-free vehicles. The energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells is 2 to 3 times higher than that of internal combustion engines. Therefore, from the perspective of energy utilization and environmental protection, fuel cell vehicles are An ideal vehicle.
A single fuel cell must be combined into a fuel cell stack to obtain the necessary power to meet the requirements of the vehicle.
In recent years, fuel cell technology has made significant progress. World-renowned automakers such as DaimlerChrysler, Ford, Toyota and General Motors have announced plans to bring fuel cell vehicles to market by 2004. At present, prototypes of fuel cell cars are being tested, and fuel cell-powered transportation buses are undergoing demonstration projects in several cities in North America. There are still technical challenges in the development of fuel cell vehicles, such as the integration of fuel cell stacks, the improvement of commercial electric vehicle fuel processors and the auxiliary automobile manufacturers are working towards integrating components and reducing component costs. Significant progress has been made.
Compared with traditional cars, fuel cell vehicles have the following advantages:
1. Zero or near zero emissions.
2. Reduce water pollution caused by oil leakage.
3. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Improve fuel economy.
5. Improve engine combustion efficiency.
6, stable operation, no noise.
4 hydrogen powered car
Hydrogen-powered vehicles are a truly zero-emission vehicle that emits pure water. It has the advantages of no pollution, zero emissions, and abundant reserves. Therefore, hydrogen-powered vehicles are the ideal alternative to traditional vehicles. Hydrogen-powered vehicles cost at least 20% more than conventional power vehicles. China Changan Automobile completed the first high-efficiency zero-emission hydrogen engine ignition in China in 2007, and exhibited the first hydrogen-powered concept sports car “hydrogen process†in China at the 2008 Beijing Auto Show.
With the gradual formation of the "automobile society", car ownership is constantly on the rise, while resources such as oil are stretched. On the other hand, vehicles that consume large amounts of gasoline continue to emit harmful gases and pollutants. The ultimate solution is of course not to limit the development of the automotive industry, but to open up new energy sources to replace oil. The four rounds of fuel cell vehicles roll quickly and quietly across the road, printing the name of new energy, hydrogen.
Almost all the world's auto giants are developing new energy vehicles. Electricity was once thought to be the future power of the car, but the long charging time and weight of the battery made people gradually interested in it. At present, the hybrid vehicle that combines electricity and gasoline can only temporarily alleviate the energy crisis, but can only reduce but cannot get rid of dependence on oil. At this time, the emergence of hydrogen-powered fuel cells is like rebuilding a Noah's Ark, allowing people to see unlimited hope from the crisis.
The idea of ​​using hydrogen as a fuel for automobiles has been scary when it comes out, but it is actually based. Hydrogen has a high energy density, and the energy released is enough to make the car engine run, and hydrogen and oxygen react chemically in the fuel cell to generate water without pollution. Therefore, many scientists predict that hydrogen-based fuel cells are the core technology of 21st century cars, and its revolutionary significance to the automotive industry is equivalent to microprocessors as important to the computer industry.
Advantages: Emissions are pure water and do not produce any contaminants when driving.
Disadvantages: The cost of hydrogen fuel cells is too high, and the storage and transportation of hydrogen fuels is very difficult according to the current technical conditions, because the hydrogen molecules are very small and easily escape through the outer casing of the storage device. In addition, the most deadly problem is that hydrogen extraction requires electrolysis of water or the use of natural gas. As a result, it also consumes a lot of energy. Unless it is extracted by nuclear power, it cannot fundamentally reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
5 gas cars
Gas vehicles refer to vehicles that use compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel. In recent years, governments around the world have actively sought to solve this problem and began to adjust the fuel structure of automobiles. Gas vehicles are recognized as the most ideal alternative fuel vehicles in the world because of their good emission performance, adjustable fuel structure, low operating cost, mature technology, safety and reliability.
At present, gas is still the mainstream of the world's automobile alternative fuels, accounting for about 90% of China's alternative fuel vehicles. The goal of the United States is that by 2010, 7% of the buses will use natural gas, 50% of taxis and buses will be converted to dedicated natural gas vehicles; by 2010, the number of German natural gas vehicles will reach 100,000 to 400,000. The filling station will be increased from the current 180 to at least 300.
Industry experts point out that the role of alternative fuels is to mitigate and ultimately eliminate the various pressures caused by tight oil supplies and the negative impact on economic development. Recently, China will still mainly use compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and ethanol gasoline as alternative fuels for automobiles. Whether the alternative fuel for automobiles can be expanded depends on the resources, distribution, availability of alternative fuels in China, the maturity of alternative fuel production and application technologies, and the reduction of environmental pollution; the scale of production, investment, production costs and prices of alternative fuels. It determines its competitiveness with petroleum fuels; automotive production structure and design improvements must be compatible with fuels.
Replacing fuel with gas will be an inevitable trend in the development of automobiles in China and the world. China should organize its forces as soon as possible to formulate a national gas vehicle policy. Considering that China's energy security is mainly the status of oil, it is imperative to develop various alternative fuel vehicles, including gas vehicles. According to national conditions, we should:
First, we must limit the price of gas, so as to maintain a reasonable price difference between oil and gas prices. For example, the oil and gas price difference between Sichuan Province and Chongqing City can ensure the moderate development of gas vehicles;
Second, in view of the large investment in the gas station and the long payback period, the government appropriately subsidizes the adjustment of the profit distribution between the gas price sold at the gas station and the fuel cost saved by the automobile user due to the gas consumption;
Third, the income tax on gas stations should be based on the policy of high-tech industrial development zones, and adopt a tax policy of exemption and reduction of three;
Fourth, the gas station will be treated according to special industrial electricity, and the electricity price will be excellent. In addition, the land for gas stations can be treated according to major projects and environmental protection industries. Special affairs should be handled, not to push each other, and to actively adopt foreign advanced Establish station standards, scientifically determine the fire safety distance, and save land resources.
6 Bioethanol car
Ethanol is commonly known as alcohol. It is popular to say that cars that use ethanol as fuel can also be called alcohol cars. The history of the use of ethanol instead of petroleum fuels has been very long. Both the production and application technologies have matured. Recently, due to the tight oil resources, the diversification of automobile energy has intensified, and ethanol vehicles have also been on the agenda.
At present, there are more than 40 countries in the world, and ethanol vehicles are used to varying degrees. Some have reached a large scale of promotion, and the status of ethanol vehicles is increasing.
The use of ethanol in automobiles can increase the octane number of the fuel, increase the oxygen content, and make the combustion in the car cylinder more complete, which can reduce the emission of harmful substances in the exhaust gas.
The fuel application mode of ethanol vehicles: 1. Blending, refers to the application of ethanol and gasoline blending. In the mixed fuel, the ratio of ethanol to volume is expressed by “Eâ€. For example, if ethanol accounts for 10% and 15%, it is represented by E10 and E15. At present, the blending of ethanol accounts for the majority of ethanol vehicles. Second, pure burning, that is, single-burning ethanol, can be expressed by E100%, the current application is not much, is a trial stage; Third, denatured fuel ethanol, refers to the ethanol produced after the dehydration of ethanol, which is also a test application Step 4; Flexible fuel means that the fuel can be either gasoline or ethanol or methanol-gas blended fuel, or hydrogen, and can be switched at any time. For example, Ford and Toyota are testing flexible fuel vehicles (FFV).
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