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In the face of a group of zombies, it is better to throw Note 7 than beaten and kicked. Oh, there's the iPhone 7.
Why are the lithium batteries of these phones so insecure? Is there any solution?
Read this article and you will see:
The ultimate solution for making lithium batteries non-explosive - What is a solid-state battery?
How far is this battery from us?
The industry status of solid-state batteries was combed, and four solid-state battery companies were counted. Solid-state batteries will eventually become mainstream batteries, these companies are on the road.
Samsung does not cry, Apple also explodedAn article in the US technology blog BoyGeniusReport sunk out early this morning and an Apple iPhone 7 seems to have exploded. A photo posted by a friend of @kroopthesnoop posted on the Reddit forum, his black iPhone 7 was severely damaged, the screen cracked, and the frame was markedly scorched.
Apple's stock price opened lower on Thursday.
Earlier, the Samsung Note 7 mobile phone has caused nearly 40 explosions worldwide. In the afternoon of September 26th, another Bank of China’s Note 7 exploded. This was the fourth explosion in China's Note 7.
The Samsung Note 7 used by Nathan Dornacher of Florida in the US exploded. He previously charged Note7 in the car. The car's steering wheel, dashboard, etc. have changed beyond recognition.
On the afternoon of September 2, 2016, Samsung Electronics held a press conference in South Korea. Gao Dongzheng, president of the mobile division, publicly apologized for the Samsung Note 7 battery explosion and announced that Samsung will stop selling Note 7 mobile phones due to battery defects. Recall 2.5 million Notes 7.
Samsung may lose nearly 5 billion U.S. dollars on this “continuous explosion door†- Samsung, who contributed more than one-fifth of Korea's GDP, was really alarmed at this time.
Six days later, the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a statement stating that passengers are strongly advised to "turn off Note7 power in the airplane and not use or charge it." Then, the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) officially called for “inviting consumers to stop using Note 7 and turn off the power.†The domino effect began, and the multinational aviation department continuously issued warnings to remind passengers to stop using Note 7, which also included Chinese civil aviation.
Internet users dressed up Note 7 as a “terrorist†and said that Note7 is the “real bombâ€.
According to Samsung himself, Note 7 is a battery cell lithium ion battery cell problems. Because of the manufacturing process errors, the cathode and anode of the battery are in contact, causing the battery cell to overheat and cause an explosion.
Once the explosion was not terrible, continuous explosion was terrible. This could not be reminiscent of Tesla, which was also caused by continuous battery fire.
At the end of 2015, when Tesla was still busy with statistics of the impressive global delivery of 50,580 vehicles last year, a model S in Norway was suddenly on fire on January 1 when charging - no one in the car.
As the power battery used by Tesla is a three-element lithium battery, and the three-element lithium battery cannot be directly extinguished with water or carbon dioxide when it is burned, the special copper powder water is too expensive and uncommon, so the Norwegian firefighters at the time could only use foam. Control the surrounding fire until the Model S is completely destroyed.
Model S was burned.
Why are lithium batteries prone to explode?The safety of traditional lithium batteries is always the sword of Damocles and hangs in people's hearts. Why are lithium batteries prone to explode? Let's take a look at the anatomy of a lithium battery:
The common lithium ion battery consists of a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator. Lithium ions "run" back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes to complete the charge-discharge process. With electrolytes, lithium ions can "run." The positive and negative electrodes are separated by a separator made of ceramic or other polymer, and the positive and negative electrodes of the battery thus avoid direct contact.
Security risks lie on this diaphragm. Once high pressure and overheating occur, the separator can be easily broken, causing the positive and negative electrodes to contact and cause an internal short circuit. According to a report in the "Science and Technology Daily", Samsung has adopted a thinner diaphragm material in order to increase the energy density of the battery and prolong its battery life.
Think about it, a Tesla needs to use more than 7000 18650 lithium batteries, as long as one part of the problem ...
7000 Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Closely Arranged on Tesla Chassis
Only one change can completely solve the problem - replace the liquid electrolyte with a solid one.Solid electrolyte can make the battery positive and negative never contact. Even if overheating occurs, the solid electrolyte only melts into an insulator, and when the temperature drops, it can return to a solid state without decomposition of gas and excess heat.
If a lithium battery is replaced with a solid electrolyte, it is called a "solid-state battery."
It has been more than sixty years since humans explored solid-state batteries. The first solid-state battery produced was not thick or round, but rather like a thin film.
The first report that produced solid-state batteries was Japanese. In 1982, Hitachi Corporation of Japan first declared that it produced a solid-state battery with a thickness of less than 10 μm, which is a thin film. But the power of this battery is too low to drive any electronic device.
Thin film batteries now have more mature products. In 2008, Infinite Power Solutions (IPS) of the United States introduced an all-solid-state thin film battery. It has only one fingernail cover size and two paper thicknesses. It can charge up to 90% of the electricity in 15 minutes, charge and discharge 100,000 times, and use it for at least 15 years. Due to its all-solid state, this thin-film battery can be freely bent and can be safely used in the temperature range of -40°C to 85°C and even more than one thousand meters of water.
In 2015, Infinite Power Solutions was acquired by Apple and began researching solid-state batteries for wearable devices. It is conceivable that if an Apple Watch uses a solid-state battery, it can solve the problem of battery life and volume.
This film-shaped solid-state battery is widely used in the microelectronic device market. Worldwide, there are more than a dozen companies have patents for thin-film batteries, in addition to the above mentioned two, there are France Bellcore, the United States Cymbet, Taiwan Huieng Technology, Russia's GS Nanotech and so on.
Flexible thin-film lithium-ion battery produced by Russian company GS Nanotech
However, the production cost of thin film batteries is too high. It requires the use of a technique called vapor deposition, which involves millions of equipment. If a thin-film battery is used on a cell phone, an apple can sell more than 1 million.
In addition, because the electrode is a thin film, the thin-film battery can store little energy, let alone electric cars, and the mobile phone needs no electricity.
More people have turned their attention to large-capacity non-film type solid-state batteries. However, non-film-type batteries, the current technology is not very reliable.
There are two main bottlenecks: First, the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte is too low, that is, lithium ions "run" slowly in the solid state, and the battery is charged and discharged by the lithium ion running between the positive and negative electrodes, so this means The battery charge and discharge slow. The second is that the solid electrolyte is in contact with the electrode without contact with the liquid and the electrode, resulting in a high interface resistance, which can significantly reduce the battery performance.
In non-thin-film batteries, there are three materials that can be used as electrolytes: polymers, sulfides, oxides. Many companies say they are making polymers that use polymers as their electrolytes, but what they are doing is not polymer solid-state batteries, but rather gel electrolytes, such as Sony and Samsung. The state of the gel is between the solid state and the liquid state, but it does not solve the problem of safety at all. The energy density of the gel cell is also difficult to increase. So Samsung later abandoned the gel electrolyte.
Most other manufacturers, including China New Energy Technology (ATL), only apply a layer of polymer to the separator to bond the separator to the positive and negative electrodes. In other words, ATL is the world's largest supplier of polymer batteries for Samsung, Apple, Huawei, OPPO and other companies.
When will solid-state batteries enter large-scale industrialization?Most people in the industry are optimistic. Nikkei Technology believes that "it is expected that there will be more than twice as many products as existing lithium-ion batteries within three years." In 2013, the United States Joint Energy Storage Research Center (JCESR) stated that “In 5 years (2018), a battery with an energy density of 5 times (compared to ordinary lithium batteries) and a price reduction of 1/5 has been developedâ€.
However, scholars in the field of scientific research are generally conservative - they think that "after all, researching products and forming industries is two different things." In the first half of 2016, Dr. Li Wei, a researcher at the Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences, said that at least until 2020, solid-state batteries produced by the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences “may test water to commercializationâ€, and “real all-solid-state may need to be longer. time".
Although it is impossible for the industry to achieve a liquid to solid fly-through, this does not mean that the industry cannot do anything in the field of solid-state batteries. Fengran Capital Investor Zhu Lanzhou said to Deep Blue Deeper, “We can look for a liquid to solid transition solution.†For example, the electrolyte of the solid-state lithium battery company Solid Energy Systems, which is hatched from MIT, is both solid and solid. Liquid state: Firstly, a layer of solid electrolyte film is covered on the metal lithium electrode, and then a quasi-ionic flame retardant liquid is added. The manufactured battery is reduced in size by half as compared with conventional batteries and can provide more energy.
"The solid-state battery has good performance and high cost, and it is aimed at industries with high requirements for safety and stability, regardless of cost. The manufacturing process of solid-state batteries is different from that of traditional batteries, and it is necessary to make full use of the production equipment of traditional batteries to avoid them. The entire production line will be rebuilt to reduce production costs.†Zhu Yuzhou said.
In this way of industrializing large-capacity solid-state batteries, Japan is far ahead in the world. Toyota and Hitachi Shipbuilding are leading companies in the solid-state battery industry. In 2009, the NEDO launched a 21 billion yen plan to study batteries throughout the country, hoping to develop rechargeable batteries with an energy density of more than 5 times the current level by 2030. From now on, this time may be greatly advanced.
South Korea is also not behind, Samsung also has a solid-state battery research institute in Japan - early research and development of Samsung will be able to replace the solid-state battery.
After Japan and South Korea, it was Europe, the United States, and China.
France has already used solid-state batteries for electric vehicles, but the solid-state batteries they use still have diaphragms. They are not all-solid in the true sense, and there are no large-scale applications. Americans only have the technology. There are no products that can be mass produced. There are a lot of startup companies here, such as: Seeo, Solid Energy System, Solid Power, Quantume Scape and so on.
The Chinese are still in the research stage. The related targets include Qing Tao Energy, New Energy Technology (CATL) of Ningde Times, BYD, and Micro-Macro Power. The pace of research and development is fast and slow. Among them, Qing Tao Energy is located in Jiangsu Province and is established by a team of academics of Nan Zuwen. At the same time, South Academician has China's first patent related to all solid-state.
Four companies that develop solid-state batteries, including the French BatScap, have products that are put into use, but they are not true all-solid-state batteries; other companies currently have only technology.
ã€BatScap】BatScap, a subsidiary of Bollore, France, has developed solid-state batteries that can be used on electric vehicles. The development of BatScap for solid-state batteries is a key part of Borroi's layout in the energy sector.
What BatScap does is a polymer solid-state battery that needs to be heated. Because the ionic conductivity of the polymer is too low at room temperature, it means that lithium ions run slowly between the electrodes and charge and discharge are slow. After heating, the ionic conductivity of the polymer can be increased.
Since the end of 2011, Borroe has used the self-developed EV "Bluecar" to provide car sharing service "Autolib" in Paris and its suburbs. This car is BatScap's solid-state battery with a specification of 30 kWh. Currently, this Bluecar has nearly 4,000 vehicles, about 900 service stations and 4,500 chargers, and the number of daily use is 18,000.
France's solid-state battery electric vehicle is charging
However, batteries need to be heated before they can be used on a large scale. Electric vehicles can use the heat generated during driving to maintain the operating temperature of 60 to 80 °C. But when you stop, you must use the heater inside the battery pack to maintain the temperature, which consumes about 200 W per second, which is about the same as a refrigerator. It is necessary to always connect the charger during parking. Some people have made estimates that on average one year, the heaters consume more electricity than when they are needed while parking.
However, according to a solid-state battery technician, BatScap's polymer solid-state battery actually has a diaphragm in the middle, which is not what we call an all solid state.
ã€Solid Power】Founded in 2012, Solid Power USA is located in Louisville, Kentucky, USA, and has more than 650 square meters of factory at Colorado Science and Technology Center. The founding team has many professors and associate professors from the University of Colorado Boulder (UCB). The background of these professors is very strong. For example, only Professor Sehee Lee has 18 related patents.
Solid Power has more money from the government. It received US$3.46 million in funding from the US Department of Energy in 2013 and US$250,000 in funding from the Department of Economic Development and International Trade (COEDIT) of Colorado. At the end of 2014, it received US$2.9 million in funding from the U.S. Air Force.
The Solid Power solid-state battery has a battery energy density of 600 Wh/kg, which is more than double the battery capacity on the market.
ã€Sakti3】Sakti3 is a venture startup company founded in 2007 by a professor from the University of Michigan. Sakti means “power†in Sanskrit, 3 is the atomic number of lithium, and it is “the power of lithiumâ€. This company uses an evaporation method to prepare inorganic solid electrolytes and claims to have achieved high-efficiency mass production.
Ann Marie Sastry, professor at the University of Michigan, is the CEO of the company
It is worth mentioning that Sakti3 received US$15 million in financing from Dyson, an appliance giant, in 2015 and was acquired by Dyson for US$90 million by the end of the year. In September 2016, Dyson announced that it had invested 1.4 billion to establish a battery factory.
Sakti3 announced that it has manufactured a battery with an energy density of 550 Wh/kg. This energy density is about 50% higher than that of a normal lithium-ion battery. The battery power is twice that of Tesla's current lithium battery. Sakti3 told the media that they have prototyped the solid state battery at its small test facility in Michigan and expect to commercialize it within two or three years.
However, there are a lot of voices in the industry for Sakti3. Many researchers believe that "Sakti3 has no products, but is just speculating on the concept of solid-state batteries."
[Toyota]In 2013, Toyota announced that it plans to fully commercialize all-solid-state batteries by 2020, and its energy will be three to four times that of lithium batteries, and will use lithium-air batteries in the next few years.
Many Japanese companies attach great importance to ionic conductivity. High ionic conductivity means that lithium ions "run" faster between the positive and negative electrodes, and the charge and discharge rate is faster. The ionic conductivity of sulfide electrolytes at room temperature is similar to that of liquid electrolytes, so many Japanese companies are investigating sulfides. Toyota is a representative.
According to a patent issued by Toyota in 2014, they developed an all-solid-state battery that improves the problem of poor contact between the solid electrolyte and the electrode, and uses a wet coating process to prepare an intermediate electrolyte that allows the electrolyte to be thinned, thereby reducing the battery volume. At the same time, Toyota magnified the size of its batteries, expanded its battery area by 50 times and increased its capacity by a thousand times.
Toyota uses solid-state batteries for electric cars in experiments
According to an Apple technician who told Deep Blue Blue, the industrialization of Toyota's solid-state batteries may not use the above-mentioned materials. They may just publish this patent to mislead the industry.
Reference article:
Solid Power official website: http://
Sakti3 official website: http://sakti3.com/
"Nikkei Technology": "Beyond Lithium-Ion and Full-Solid-Cell Battery"
Xu, Xiaoxiong. All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries: State-of-the-art development and perspective[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2013, 2(4): 331-341
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